The Use of Mobile Learning Applications in Improving Student Motivation and Learning Outcomes in Physical Education

Abstract

Background: Student motivation and learning outcomes in primary school physical education remain a critical concern, as conventional teaching methods often fail to fully engage pupils in active participation and sustained learning. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effect of mobile learning applications on students’ motivation and learning outcomes in physical education, with the goal of providing empirical support for technology-enhanced pedagogical practices in primary schools. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test control groups was conducted involving 60 Year 5 pupils from two primary schools in Kendari, Indonesia. The experimental group (n = 30) was taught using a mobile learning application integrating interactive videos, quizzes, and augmented reality features, while the control group (n = 30) received conventional face-to-face instruction. Data were collected using a validated motivation scale and a teacher-developed test of learning outcomes, and independent-samples t-tests were applied for statistical analysis. Results: Pupils in the experimental group showed significantly greater improvements in both motivation (M = 78.40, SD = 6.02) and learning outcomes (M = 81.30, SD = 7.20) compared to the control group, with very large effect sizes (d = 3.00 and d = 2.64, respectively). Conclusion: The findings confirm that mobile learning applications substantially enhance student motivation and academic achievement in physical education. These results highlight the potential of integrating mobile learning into teaching practices to foster interactive, student-centred learning environments. Future research should focus on long-term impacts, teacher readiness, and equitable access to technology to maximize the benefits of mobile learning in education.